Clarification on trig_count and to know when AES execution finishes

1

Hi,
I want to make sure I understand trig_count reported by the device after AES execution.
I am using F303, F415 and L443 devices to run AES on UFO board.
Each one of them show a trig_count of
F303 - 5088
F415 - 5284
L443 - 4796

From my understanding the AES execution finishes after 4796 samples for L443. Is this correct? If no can you shed some light on how I can find the sample at which my AES finishes?
Specifically for L443 the traces seem to go for some more time before they start showing randomness.
I have attached an image for reference.

compareTraces_originalTrace
compareTraces_originalTrace2000×2000 329 KB

2

If you look at the source code (assuming this is our simpleserial-aes firmware) you’ll find calls to trigger_high() and trigger_low():

These set and clear the GPIO which is used to trigger the sample capture. Now, scope.adc.trig_count counts the number of clock cycles that the trigger (GPIO) is seen active (high). The clock here is the ADC sampling clock, which could be the same as the target clock or 4 times faster (if scope.clock.adc_src = 'clkgen_x4').

Back to the source code, you’ll notice that the target isn’t idle after clearing the GPIO: it’s running the simpleserial_put() function. This is why you still see some activity after trig_count samples.

Hope this helps,
Jean-Pierre

3

Thanks Jean-Pierre.
To summarize, each trigger high will be followed by some step of AES execution. Let’s say the device shows 5088 as trig_count. So the device is taking 5088 clock cycles to complete the complete AES execution of simple-serial. Also since there is simple serial_put(), it can take a little longer than 5088 samples to finish the execution.

My follow up question is, can we have a trigger to stop the power trace collection as soon as the device finishes AES execution? If possible can you let me know what changes to make in the simple serial AES code.

Thanks,
Manoj.

4

The trigger only controls when the capture starts; it doesn’t control when it stops. To stop the capture earlier, just adjust scope.adc.samples.
To recap: in general when you’re working with a new target and/or firmware, you would follow these steps:

  1. wrap the code for which you want to collect power samples with trigger_high/low
  2. run a capture
  3. set scope.adc.samples to scope.adc.trigger_count
5

Hello,

Thank you for clarifying this point, but I have a question, does set scope.adc.samples to scope.adc.trigger_count only applies if ADC sampling clock is equal to target clock(x1)?

My case the ADC sampling clock is x4 target clock

Thanks again

6

scope.adc.trigger_count counts ADC sample clocks, so the above applies to both x1 and x4.

7

Okay thank you. Do you have any idea why the trigger count may be giving me different values every time?

8

DIfferent how? How much does it vary?
What is your target and what is it running?
What is your clock setup?

9

examples of trigger count for the training method

image.png

first run of this code snippet → trigger count is 500159

2nd → 500159

3rd → 547980

4th → 617833

5th → 564474

6th → 617158

My target is CW308T-XMEGA, it is running a KNN c code.

This is my clock setup
adc_src = clkgen_x4
adc_phase = 0
adc_freq = 29538459
adc_rate = 29538459.0
adc_locked = True
freq_ctr = 0
freq_ctr_src = extclk
clkgen_src = system
extclk_freq = 10000000
clkgen_mul = 2
clkgen_div = 26
clkgen_freq = 7384615.384615385
clkgen_locked = True

10

It looks like your target code does not run in constant time.
There are ways to deal with this but it depends on what you’re trying to do.
For example if the execution time depends on the secret, then you may be able to directly exploit the time leakage.
Or maybe there is exploitable leakage in some slice of the power trace, but that slice is moving around due to the variable-time nature of the target code. Then you would have to come up with a way to find where this slice is on each trace and use only that slice for your attack (in other words, re-align the traces). In sca201 we have a couple of labs that cover trace realignment (chipwhisperer-jupyter/Lab 1_1B - Resychronizing Traces with Dynamic Time Warp.ipynb at master · newaetech/chipwhisperer-jupyter · GitHub).

You may also want to start by looking at why execution is not constant time, and whether there is something you can do about that (e.g. are you using interrupts?).

11

Hello,

Sorry for the late reply. I checked my code and made sure it runs in constant time, however I do not know what should I check to understand why different trig_counts after every capture. Can you kindly advise?

Thanks,
Hana

12

image
image

13

If my loop was:
fastinf_array=[]
for i in range(1, 101):

trig_count = scope.adc.trig_count
fastinf_array.append(scope.adc.trig_count)
print(trig_count)
reboot_flush()

cw.plot(fastinf_array)

The trig_count number is constant, however when I add the capture to my loop, the number keeps getting different every time

14

That is because scope.adc.trig_count only gets updated when you run a capture; it shows the number of clock cycles that the trigger was seen high during the last capture.

There are any number of reasons why code doesn’t run in constant time; in general it’s due to conditional execution which depends on some input. That will be a property of your own target code, it has nothing to do with the CW Python code.

15

I do not have any serial I/O or interrupts in my code, this is why I am confused

16

Does the trig_count gets resetted every time?

17

You have target.write(x_coords); presumably this sends a variable input to your target.

Yes, scope.adc.trig_count gets updated every time to show the length of the trigger for the last capture.

18

I removed it now but still the fluctuations still occur

19

//#include

//#include
#include “hal.h”
#include “model.h”
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define IDLE 0
#define KEY 1
#define PLAIN
#define BUFLEN 16

uint8_t memory[BUFLEN];
uint8_t tmp[BUFLEN];
char asciibuf[BUFLEN];
uint8_t pt[16];

//#include <bits/stdc++.h>
//#pragma GCC visibility push(hidden)

typedef double LABEL_TYPE;
namespace FAST_INFERENCE {}

using namespace FAST_INFERENCE;

extern “C” void my_read(int *buf, int len)
{
for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

 buf[i]=(int)getchar();

}

}

extern “C” float benchmark(double X [][784], int Y [6], int repeat, int n_features, int xsize) {
// how to pass

double output[N_CLASSES] = {0};

//double output [N_CLASSES]={0};
//X[0].size();
// double * output = new double[N_CLASSES];
//[2][5]
//int rows = sizeof X / sizeof X[0]; // 2 rows

//int cols = sizeof X[0] / sizeof(double); // 5 cols
//printf(“rows: %d \n”,rows);
//printf(“columns: %d \n”,cols);

//int n_features = sizeof(X[0])/sizeof(X[0][0]);
// printf(“size of n_features is %d \n”,n_features);

// printf("size of x: %d and size of x[0] %d \n",sizeof(X),sizeof(*X));

// int xsize = sizeof(X)/sizeof(*X);
//printf(“size of xi is %d and of x is %d \n”,n_features,xsize);
//printf(“hanaaa %d”,n_features);
int matches = 0;

//auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
for ( int k = 0; k < repeat; ++k) {
matches = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < xsize; ++i) {
// std::fill(output, output+N_CLASSES, 0);
int label = Y[i];

                  double const * const x = &X[i][0];

predict_SimpleMLP(x, output);

if (N_CLASSES >= 2) {
LABEL_TYPE max = output[0];
int argmax = 0;
for ( int j = 1; j < N_CLASSES; j++) {
if (output[j] > max) {
max = output[j];
argmax = j;
}
}

if (argmax == label) {
++matches;
}
} else {
if ( (output[0] < 0 && label == 0) || (output[0] >= 0 && label == 1) ) {
++matches;
}
}
}
}

(std::chrono::duration_caststd::chrono::milliseconds(end-start).count()) / (X.size() * repeat);
float accuracy = static_cast(matches) /xsize * 100.f;
return accuracy;
}

int main () {
//if (argc <= 2) {
// std::cout << “Please provide two arguments: path n_repetitions” << std::endl;
//}
//std::string path = std::string(argv[1]);
//platform_init();
//init_uart();
trigger_setup();
trigger_high();
int repeat = 5;

double X [][784] = {

{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 84, 185, 159, 151, 60, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 222, 254, 254, 254, 254, 241, 198, 198, 198, 198, 198, 198, 198, 198, 170, 52, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 67, 114, 72, 114, 163, 227, 254, 225, 254, 254, 254, 250, 229, 254, 254, 140, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 66, 14, 67, 67, 67, 59, 21, 236, 254, 106, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 83, 253, 209, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 22, 233, 255, 83, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 129, 254, 238, 44, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 59, 249, 254, 62, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 133, 254, 187, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 205, 248, 58, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 126, 254, 182, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 75, 251, 240, 57, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 221, 254, 166, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 203, 254, 219, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 38, 254, 254, 77, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 224, 254, 115, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 133, 254, 254, 52, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 61, 242, 254, 254, 52, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 121, 254, 254, 219, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 121, 254, 207, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
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};
int Y[6] = {7, 2, 1, 0, 4, 1};

int rows = sizeof X / sizeof X[0]; // 2 rows
int cols = sizeof X[0] / sizeof(double); // 5 cols

int results =(int) benchmark(X, Y, repeat,cols,rows);
trigger_low();
#ifdef REF_ACCURACY
int difference = results - REF_ACCURACY;

#else

#endif

return 0;
}

20

You can try moving trigger_high() and trigger_low() to isolate which part of your code is not constant time.